cross section: One year Quercus stem magnification: 100x iron-alum hematoxylin and safranin stain

A cutinized epidermis overlays a two-layer cortex consisting of an outer zone of thick walled collenchyma and an inner zone of loosely packed parenchyma cells. During the first year of growth the underlying activity of the cork cambium begins to replace the epidermis and outer cortical tissues with a protective layer of cork rich periderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins.

Primary growth results in a ring of discrete vascular bundles that divides the parenchymatous cortex and pith. Xylem of each bundle is oriented towards the center of the stem and the phloem to the outside, with fascicular cambium in between. Phloem is heavily capped with sclerenchyma cells and sided by medullary parenchyma.

Due to meristematic activity the vascular bundles expand to form a cylinder consisting of a narrow outer ring of primary phloem, a middle single layered ring of vascular cambium and a deeper large ring of primary xylem. The phloem becomes overlaid by heavy continuous ring of sclerenchyma.